Quantitative identification and the evolution characteristics of production—living—ecological space in the mountainous area: From the perspective of multifunctional land

Developed here is an integrated framework for identifying production-living-ecological space (PLES) quantitatively at grid scale from the perspective of multifunction land use, and 25 compound types are classified to highlight multiple functions PLES. As a typical mountainous city in northern Hebei province, Zhangjiakou used as case study, results show that more than 80% has remarkable triple functionality. The living-dominated production-dominated distributed mainly valleys Yanghe, Sanggan, Huliu rivers have obvious spatial consistency, while ecological-dominated concentrated mostly eastern Yanshan Mountains southern Taihang complements other two space. former spatially fragmented, latter been expanding periphery over time. From 1990 2015, increased most by 1555.02 km2, least 816.79 km2. PLES diverse medium low mountains areas with gentle slope, influencing factors include natural ecological environment, socioeconomic development, human consumption demand, institutional policies. Therefore, these findings can mitigate conflicts among similar areas, promote balanced development